The impact of home-based telerehabilitation versus center-based cardiac rehabilitation on anxiety, depression, and quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial

Fig. 1. CONSORT 2010 Flow diagram. The diagram illustrates the flow of participants through each stage of the randomized trial, from screening and enrollment to allocation, follow-up, and final analysis

Fig. 2. Changes in primary psychological outcomes after the 12-week intervention. The bar charts show the mean change from baseline in (A) Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores and (B) Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores for the Home-Based Telerehabilitation Cardiac Rehabilitation (HBTCR), Center-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation (CBCR), and Control groups. Values are shown as mean change, with error bars representing standard deviation (SD). Post-hoc comparisons were performed. ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant

Fig. 3. Radar chart of changes in the eight domains of the SF-36 quality of life survey. The chart displays the mean change from baseline for each of the eight subscales of the SF-36 survey, providing a visual comparison of quality of life improvements across groups. The blue area represents the HBTCR group, the orange area represents the CBCR group, and the gray area represents the control group. Larger areas indicate greater improvement

Fig. 4. Correlation between the change in peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak) and the change in HAMD score. This scatter plot illustrates the relationship between improvements in physical fitness (change in VO₂ peak) and improvements in depression symptoms (change in HAMD score) across all participants in the intervention groups (HBTCR and CBCR combined, n = 74). A significant negative correlation was observed, indicating that greater increases in VO₂ peak were associated with larger reductions (i.e., greater improvement) in HAMD scores. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and the corresponding P-value are shown