Validation analysis demonstrates strong psychometric properties in German Academic Entitlement Scale, suggesting reliable assessment of entitlement across genders.
This study reports on a validation of the German Academic Entitlement Scale (AES), consisting of the subscales externalized responsibility (ER) and entitled expectations (EE). No studies have as yet examined the questionnaire in a German sample. Our study aimed to analyze the factor structure, psychometric properties, convergent and discriminant validity, and measurement invariance for gender of AES in German-speaking samples ( n 1 = 412 and n 2 = 121 students) aged 18–44 years. The German validation exhibits a two-factor structure, psychometric properties, and validity comparable to the original instrument, and acceptable measurement invariance for gender. Academic entitlement is positively correlated with NPI, narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, and negatively correlated with need for cognition, self-esteem, agreeableness, consciousness, and openness to experience. Men exhibited significantly higher levels of ER than women. The German validation provides a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in German-language research on academic entitlement.
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Spörri et al. (2026) studied this question.
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