Why the study?
The prognostic significance of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) multimorbidity in acute heart failure remains unclear.
Does cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) multimorbidity increase the risk of HF hospitalization or all-cause death in patients with acute heart failure?
Does cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) multimorbidity increase the risk of HF hospitalization or all-cause death in patients with acute heart failure?
In patients hospitalized with acute heart failure, the presence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic multimorbidity is associated with a stepwise increase in the risk of adverse clinical outcomes.
Supports CKM multimorbidity for risk stratification in acute HF; leaves open whether targeted interventions improve outcomes.
BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) multimorbidity in acute heart failure (AHF) remains unclear. We evaluated its association with clinical outcomes in a real-world, multinational cohort of patients with AHF. METHODS: ), and diabetes. The association between the number of CKM conditions and the primary outcome of HF hospitalization or all-cause death was assessed with Cox models. RESULTS: >0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world cohort of hospitalized patients with AHF, CKM multimorbidity was common and associated with a stepwise increase in the risk of adverse outcomes. These data underscore the importance of comprehensive CKM assessment in an AHF setting.
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Marchetti et al. (2025) studied this question.
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