Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Overlaps, Clinical Outcomes, and Medications Among Patients With Heart Failure: Results From the Chinese Cardiovascular Association Database–Heart Failure Center Registry

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. 1‐year all‐cause death risk according to numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (A) Kaplan–Meier curves showing 1‐year all‐cause death stratified by numbers of CKM conditions. (B) Absolute 1‐year all‐cause death risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (C) Univariable and multivariable analysis of all‐cause death risk according to numbers of CKM conditions. The reference (Ref) is not CKM (D) multivariable analysis of all‐cause death risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, anemia, and medications prescribed at discharge (ACEI/ARB, ARNI, beta‐receptor blocker, MRA, SGLT‐2i). CKM, cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease; HFmrEF, HF with a mildly reduced fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio.

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  FIGURE 2. 1‐year CV death risk according to numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (A) Kaplan–Meier curves showing 1‐year CV death stratified by numbers of CKM conditions. (B) Absolute 1‐year CV death risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (C) Univariable and multivariable analysis of CV death risk according to numbers of CKM conditions. The reference (Ref) is no CKM (D) multivariable analysis of CV death risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, anemia, and medications prescribed at discharge (ACEI/ARB, ARNI, beta‐receptor blocker, MRA, SGLT‐2i). CKM, cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease; HFmrEF, HF with a mildly reduced fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio.

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  FIGURE 3. 1‐year all‐cause rehospitalization risk according to numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (A) Kaplan–Meier curves showing 1‐year all‐cause rehospitalization stratified by numbers of CKM conditions. (B) Absolute 1‐year all‐cause rehospitalization risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (C) Univariable and multivariable analysis of all‐cause rehospitalization risk according to numbers of CKM conditions. The reference (Ref) is not CKM (D) multivariable analysis of all‐cause rehospitalization risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, anemia, and medications prescribed at discharge (ACEI/ARB, ARNI, beta‐receptor blocker, MRA, SGLT‐2i). CKM, cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease; HFmrEF, HF with a mildly reduced fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio.

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  FIGURE 4. 1‐year CV rehospitalization risk according to numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (A) Kaplan–Meier curves showing 1‐year CV rehospitalization stratified by numbers of CKM conditions. (B) Absolute 1‐year CV rehospitalization risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (C) Univariable and multivariable analysis of CV rehospitalization risk according to numbers of CKM conditions. The reference (Ref) is not CKM (D) multivariable analysis of CV rehospitalization risk by numbers of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, anemia, and medications prescribed at discharge (ACEI/ARB, ARNI, beta‐receptor blocker, MRA, SGLT‐2i). CKM, cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease; HFmrEF, HF with a mildly reduced fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio.

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  FIGURE 5. 1‐year all‐cause death risk according to combinations of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. (A) Univariable and multivariable analysis of all‐cause death risk according to combinations of CKM conditions. The reference (Ref) is not CKM (B) multivariable analysis of all‐cause death risk by combinations of CKM conditions and LVEF phenotypes. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, anemia, and medications prescribed at discharge (ACEI/ARB, ARNI, beta‐receptor blocker, MRA, SGLT‐2i). ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKM, cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease; HR, hazard ratio; Ref, reference; T2D, type 2 diabetes.

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  FIGURE 6. 1‐year risk of death and rehospitalization according to numbers of CKM conditions and GDMT treatment in patients with HFrEF. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, heart rate, NYHA class, NT‐proBNP, LVEF, hypertension, AF, COPD, and anemia. CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio; Ref, reference.