Integrated electromagnetic-circuit digital twin modelling for constraint-consistent optimal operation in heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer systems.

Heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer (WPT) systems exhibit strong electromagnetic coupling and non-uniform load requirements, making it difficult to determine an operating point that is simultaneously feasible for all receivers and efficient at the system level. This study presents an integrated electromagnetic-circuit digital twin modelling approach that enables constraint-consistent optimal operation in single-transmitter, multi-receiver WPT systems with mixed compensation topologies. A design-stage digital twin is constructed by tightly coupling three-dimensional electromagnetic-field simulation with equivalent circuit modelling. Self- and mutual-inductance parameters are extracted from the physical coil configuration and mapped into the circuit model, enabling physics-consistent evaluation of receiver delivered power and total transmission efficiency under interacting receiver conditions. The operating point is determined by enforcing receiver-specific rated power requirements as feasibility constraints while refining system efficiency within the feasible region. The approach is demonstrated on a 1T-3R WPT case study comprising two series-compensated receivers and one parallel-compensated receiver with non-uniform rated powers. The results show that the proposed digital twin modelling identifies an operating condition that satisfies all receiver power constraints while improving overall efficiency. A one-dimensional parameter sweep around the obtained operating point further confirms local robustness and sensitivity characteristics within the simulation-based design-stage framework, supporting the validity of the constraint-consistent optimum for heterogeneous multi-receiver configurations.