Cardiovascular therapeutic targets of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors beyond heart failure

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are oral antidiabetic agents that have shown significant improvements in cardiovascular and renal outcomes among patients with heart failure (HF), regardless of diabetic status, establishing them as a cornerstone therapy. In addition to glycemic control and the osmotic diuretic effect, the inhibition of SGLT2 improves endothelial function and vasodilation, optimizing myocardial energy metabolism and preserving cardiac contractility. Moreover, SGLT2 inhibitors may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and attenuate acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, thereby reducing cardiac infarct size, enhancing left ventricular function, and mitigating arrhythmias. These pleiotropic effects have demonstrated efficacy across various cardiovascular conditions, ranging from acute to chronic coronary syndromes and extending to arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, cardio-oncology, and cerebrovascular disease. This review provides an overview of the current literature on the potential mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors across a wide range of cardiovascular diseases beyond HF.