This work demonstrates fermion mass hierarchies in the standard model using F-theory, suggesting geometric structures influence mass ratios.
This work presents an explicit F-theory compactification on a CKPT-class Calabi–Yau fourfold and derives, from this construction, two complementary structures relevant to fermion mass hierarchies in the Standard Model. The witness geometry has gauge algebra su(5) ⊕ u(1)² with Mordell–Weil rank 2, GUT divisor W dP₂ supporting an explicit matter spectrum, three-generation chirality χ(10) = χ(5̄) = +3 from a specified G₄-flux, and thirteen SO(12) Yukawa enhancement points realizing the down-type coupling. The construction satisfies Freed–Witten quantization, primitivity, D3-tadpole cancellation, and SO(12) Yukawa neutrality, all verified explicitly. From this geometry, the paper derives (i) a generation-overlap structure with exponents (ζ₁, ζ₂) = (7/6, -4/5) via the spectral cover and BHV factorization, and (ii) a charge-weighted hierarchy kernel with parameters (γ, κ) (8/7, 2.23) via a modular fixed-point analysis on the elliptic-fiber moduli space. The combined four-parameter mass-ratio law matches empirical fermion mass data within the published spread of mass-only fits. Companion software for the geometric and modular computations is archived separately and linked under "Related identifiers," URL: https://zenodo.org/records/19022834
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Samir Varma (2026) studied this question.
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