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Theoretical study reveals the Koide formula and fermion mass hierarchy in fractal spacetime, indicating a topological origin for CP violation.
The empirical Koide formula accurately relates the charged lepton masses but lacks a foundational derivation. In this paper, we resolve this using the Unified Grand Synthesis framework. By modeling spacetime as a fractional Sierpinski tensor network, fermion flavor space corresponds to the 3D representation of the boundary's permutation symmetry. To preserve SU(2)_L chiral gauge invariance, this symmetry forces the emergent Yukawa coupling matrix to be strictly circulant. We demonstrate that in the 2D Holographic UV limit, particle exchanges are governed by the Braid Group B_3, inducing a complex topological phase. As the network percolates to macroscopic 3D space, the Braid Group collapses to S_3 (saving the Spin-Statistics Theorem), but the complex phase is topologically frozen into the Hermitian Yukawa matrix, providing a rigorous geometric origin for CP Violation. Upon electroweak symmetry breaking, this yields the Koide ratio K=2/3 as an exact IR fixed point for color-singlet charged leptons, while Color-Flavor Entanglement explicitly modifies it for quarks. Note: This preprint provides the algebraic-topological derivation of the 3-generation fermion mass hierarchy and CP violation, stemming directly from the framework introduced in the foundational treatise "Geometry, Tensors, and Quantum Gravity" (Unified Grand Synthesis).
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Reinaldo M. Silva-Filho (2026) studied this question.
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