Key Points
- To establish standardized imaging planes, acoustic windows, and display conventions for two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in feline and canine patients.
- Defined standard transducer locations across three anatomical acoustic windows: right parasternal, left caudal (apical) parasternal, and left cranial parasternal locations.
- Formulated image display conventions aligned with human cardiology, orienting the cardiac base or cranial aspect toward the right side of the screen.
- Developed idealized line drawings illustrating standard long-axis and short-axis imaging planes for each anatomical window.
- Established right parasternal imaging planes encompassing long-axis four-chamber and left ventricular outflow views alongside six short-axis views from apex to pulmonary arteries.
- Standardized left caudal parasternal two- and four-chamber views and left cranial views capturing the left ventricular outflow tract, ascending aorta, and encircled aortic root.
- Delivered a systematic framework to optimize diagnostic reproducibility, inter-hospital communication, and veterinary training.
Structured PICO
IInterventionStandardized imaging planes and display conventions for transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography
Provides standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two-dimensional echocardiography in dogs and cats to ensure consistency in veterinary practice.