Associations of Brain Morphology and Cognitive Function With Ambulatory Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity

Figures

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  Figure 1. Distribution of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume across age groups. Distribution of (A) white matter hyperintensities and (B) hippocampal volume, stratified by sex and age group. Age is categorized as follows: 50 to 59 years (34 men, 23 women), 60 to 64 years (77 men, 54 women), 65 to 69 years (65 men, 83 women), 70 to 74 years (53 men, 74 women), ≥75 years (31 men, 51 women). Boxes represent the interquartile range, with the medium (diamond) shown inside. Whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values. P values for trend across age groups are given for men and women separately. * indicate significant difference vs the 50 to 59 years reference group of same sex (P≤0.028).

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  Figure 2. Distribution of MMSE and MoCA Scores across quartiles of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume. Paired measurements of both brain morphology and cognitive function assessment are available for 275 participants. Values represent the means of MMSE and MoCA scores across quartiles of (A) white matter hyperintensities and (B) hippocampal volume. Groups are categorized according to the quartiles of white matter hyperintensities (0.68–3.14, 3.15–4.80, 4.81–8.05, 8.06–32.80 mL) and hippocampal volume (4.87–6.18, 6.19–6.64, 6.63–7.00, 7.01–8.46 mL). Vertical lines denote SE. The P value denotes the significance of the trend across quartiles. Asterisk indicates significant difference compared with the lowest quartile (P≤0.026). MMSE indicates Mini‐Mental State Examination; and MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

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  Figure 3. Distribution of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume across quartiles of 24‐hour estimated pulse wave velocity. Values represent the adjusted means of (A) white matter hyperintensities and (B) hippocampal volume. Adjustment accounts for total intracranial volume for brain morphology. Full adjustment also accounts for sex, age, body mass index, 24‐hour systolic blood pressure, 24‐hour pulse rate, current smoking and drinking, serum high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and diabetes. Vertical lines denote SE. The P value denotes the significance of the trend across quartiles. * indicates significant difference compared with the lowest quartile (P≤0.028).