Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with Continuous‐Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) have become an integral component of the management in patients with advanced heart failure, serving as destination therapy or as a bridge to heart transplantation. Despite significant advances in the design and longevity of the device, the ongoing risk for bleeding remains a significant concern. The genesis of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in patients with CF-LVADs is likely multifactorial and may include components of acquired von Willebrand disease, angiodysplasia, and gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations, as well as additional risk factors such as history of GIB and increased age. Several pharmacotherapy options have been used, but the data surrounding their overall efficacy remain sparse. The necessity for larger prospective studies is essential to further advance the management of this devastating complication. Within this review, we discuss the known pathophysiologic process of CF-LVAD-related GIB and highlight the therapeutic options discussed within the literature. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic options based on mechanisms of action as they correlate to known pathophysiologic processes of CF-LVAD-related GIB. Finally, we provide recommendations for constructing drug therapy regimens in patients with CF-LVADs who develop GIB.