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Examines genetic variation in species, suggesting fixed genetic limits constrain diversity.
This paper dismantles the common conflation of biological variation with cross-species evolution, using the Species Fixed Law (SFL) to show that all observed diversity is bounded within fixed species genetic architecture (G_0). Examples such as dog breeds, bacterial antibiotic resistance, and finch beak variation are analyzed as quantitative expressions of pre-existing genetic potential, not qualitative G_0 rewriting. The paper clarifies that "microevolution" (intraspecies variation) is categorically distinct from "macroevolution" (interspecies transformation), with no empirical evidence linking the two. The library analogy illustrates that reading different chapters of a book does not create a new book, reinforcing that unguided genetic damage (Δ G_d) only causes information loss, never
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FOO SENG ANG (2026) studied this question.
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