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Sodium and caesium cation-exchanged mesoporous MCM-41 are shown to be mild, selective, water-stable and recyclable catalysts for the base-catalysed Knoevenagel condensation and acid-catalysed acetalization and aldol condensation, whereas caesium acetate-impregnated MCM-41 shows strong base activity in the Michael addition.
Kloetstra et al. (Sun,) studied this question.