Biomarkers of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical comparisons and impact of hypoglycemic therapy

The main cause of increased mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is heart failure (HF). HF leads to an increase in the number of hospitalizations, a deterioration in the quality of life and prognosis. As the incidence of HF in DM2 is constantly increasing, there is increased interest in optimal diagnostic and prognostic algorithms using a panel of circulating biomarkers to ensure timely diagnosis, improve disease treatment and patient prognosis. As the number of new HF biomarkers is growing rapidly, this review outlines the most promising and accessible biomarkers associated with fibrosis, a key pathophysiological mechanism of HF, and describes their usefulness for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and screening of HF in DM2, as well as existing limitations.