This study addresses the escalating energy challenges in Razavi Khorasan Province, exacerbated by reliance on fossil fuels and inefficient energy management. By employing a hybrid methodological framework combining Total Systems Intervention (TSI), Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH), and the DANP (DEMATEL-ANP) method, the research identifies and prioritizes key strategies to optimize energy systems. TSI enabled the systematic identification of stakeholders and systemic weaknesses, while CSH provided a critical lens to evaluate stakeholder roles and long-term sustainability goals. The DANP analysis identified clean energy infrastructure development, fostering public-private collaboration, and strengthening scientific institutions as pivotal strategies. The findings emphasize the need to transition to renewable energy, to enhance technological investments, and to foster cultural shifts in energy consumption. The study also highlights the significance of participatory governance and transparent decision-making in effectively addressing complex energy issues. By integrating environmental, technological, and public participation strategies, the proposed E-FLEX 5.0 framework offers a dynamic, scalable model for sustainable energy management. The outcomes underscore the potential for reduced dependence on fossil fuels, improved energy security, and sustainable development. This research contributes to addressing regional and global energy challenges and aligns with the goals of Society 5.0.
Etemadi et al. (2026) studied this question.