Evaluating Iran's energy transition policy: An analysis of electricity sector through the energy triangle framework

In the context of sustainable development, sustainable energy has emerged as a transformative area within the global energy system. This study systematically analyzes Iran's electricity and energy policies through the energy triangle framework, which includes economic development, energy security and accessibility, and sustainability. By examining policy documents and employing thematic analysis, the research evaluates policy effectiveness, coordination mechanisms, and balance among these dimensions. The investigation reveals significant imbalances in Iran's energy policy landscape, with a disproportionate focus on economic growth and energy access, while environmental sustainability remains marginalized. It identifies deficiencies in horizontal coordination among governmental bodies and vertical integration of policy processes. Despite numerous initiatives promoting sustainable energy development, the electricity sector continues to face challenges in achieving its objectives. Findings indicate systematic inefficiencies in policy implementation, highlighting the disconnect between strategic planning and operational execution. By examining energy balance sheets, the research quantifies the gap between policy aspirations and actual achievements. The study concludes that Iran's energy sector needs fundamental transformation through comprehensive reforms in governance, regulatory frameworks, and institutional arrangements. Recommendations emphasize adopting socio-technical transition frameworks for future development and highlighting areas requiring immediate intervention. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers in developing nations navigating sustainable energy development complexities. This study contributes to the literature by bridging socio-technical transition theory with the energy triangle framework, providing a granular analysis of institutional and governance barriers that impede energy transition in a fossil-fuel-dependent economy. Unlike descriptive policy reviews, this research offers a replicable methodological approach for evaluating implementation gaps in similar contexts.