HDL Cholesterol Is Remarkably Cardioprotective Against Coronary Artery Disease in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders

Figures

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  Central Illustration. HDL Cholesterol Is Remarkably Cardioprotective Against Coronary Artery Disease in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders Abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 3.

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  Figure 1. Flowchart for the Creation of the Study Cohort BMI = body mass index; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHPI = Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islander; SBP = systolic blood pressure; T2D = type 2 diabetes.

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  Figure 2. Causal-Specific Proportional Hazards Curves for High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Non-Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Cohorts Outer ribbons, 95% CIs; dashed lines, per-group median survival. P values from likelihood ratio test for comparing HDL-C within each group. Abbreviation as in Figure 1.

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  Figure 3. Summary Figure for Cox Proportional Hazards Models Compares HR for coronary artery disease (CAD, top), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, middle), and type 2 diabetes (T2D, bottom) between NHPI and all non-NHPI individuals in the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program database. Model 1, unadjusted univariate; Model 2, adjusted for LDL-C and triglycerides; Model 3, adjusted for LDL-C, triglycerides, sex, SBP, BMI, T2D diagnosis, statin prescription, antihypertensive drug prescription, and smoking history. Error bars, 95% CIs; y-axis is log scale. P values for interaction are reported directly from the model; HRs were compared using a Wald test based on the z statistic, and P values (p_HR) were reported. CIs for non-NHPI samples are vanishingly small and may not be visible to the reader. CAD = coronary artery disease; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

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  Figure 4. Restricted Cubic Splines Constructed for the Log HR of HDL-C at Each HDL-C Value, Relative to Median HDL-C for Models 1 to 3 for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), Stratified by NHPI Status Abbreviations as in Figure 1.