Acute inspiratory resistance training enhances endothelium‐dependent dilation and retrograde shear rate in healthy young adults

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Experimental timeline.

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  FIGURE 2. Change in relative FMD before (pre), 10 min after, and 40 min after IRT and time‐matched rest condition in healthy young men and women (a) combined (n = 20) and (b) separated by sex (10 male, 10 female). Change in PWV before (pre), 10 min after, and 40 min after IRT and time‐matched rest in healthy young men and women (c) combined (n = 19) and (d) separated by sex (9 male, 10 female). Error bars represent SD. Two‐way repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc analyses: *main effect of time, significantly different from pre‐IRT; §significantly different between interventions at matched time point. All p < 0.05. Sex‐specific post hoc analyses not performed if two‐way interaction was not significant (panels b, d). Bolded text indicates significance.

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  FIGURE 3. (a) Change in brachial artery diameter in response to IRT in healthy young men and women (a) combined (n = 20) and (b) separated by sex (10 male, 10 female). Repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc analyses: *main effect of time, significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05. Post hoc tests not performed on panel b (sex × time interaction not significant). Differences in anterograde, mean, and retrograde SRs at baseline (black), during inspiration (gray), and during expiration (white) with men and women (c) combined (n = 20) and (d) separated by sex (10 male, 10 female). Repeated measures ANOVA, post hoc: *p < 0.05. Post hoc tests not performed on Anterograde SR in panel d (sex × time interaction not significant). Bolded text indicates significance.

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  FIGURE 4. Ultrasound doppler of blood velocity during resisted inspiration (pink) and unresisted expiration (blue).