Elevated resting heart rates are a risk factor for mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

Figures

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  Figure 1:. Flowchart of patient recruitment. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; bpm: beat per min.

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  Figure 2:. Histogram of mean resting heart rate for the first 3 days after admission (divided into 10-bpm intervals)

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  Figure 3:. Kaplan–Meier estimates of mortality by mean resting heart rate

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  Figure 4:. Kaplan–Meier estimates of patients not requiring non-invasive ventilation use by mean resting heart rate. bpm: beat per min.

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  Figure 5:. Kaplan–Meier estimates of patients not requiring invasive mechanical ventilation use by mean resting heart rate. bpm: beat per min.

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  Figure 6:. Relationships between mean resting heart rate and resting heart rate variation tendency and the risk of death. (A) The adjusted cubic spline model demonstrates the flexible relationship between mean RHR for the first 3 days and death. This curve (solid red) shows that a resting RHR ≥100 beats/min was associated with an increasing trend in risk. The dashed black curves represent the upper and lower 95% confidence limits. The horizontal black line represents a hazard ratio of 1. (B) The adjusted cubic spline model demonstrates that the relationship between ΔRHR and mortality was non-linear. The dashed red curves represent the upper and lower 95% confidence limits. The horizontal black line represents a hazard ratio of 1. Adjusted model II: adjusted for age, sex, NT-proBNP, TnI, Hs-CRP, albumin, coronary artery disease, WBC, D-dimer, temperature for 3 days, β-blocker, creatinine and SpO2. RHR: resting heart rate; SpO2: pulse oxygen saturation; WBC: white blood cells; TnI: troponin I; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; Hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein.