Mechanics and bio-interface engineering in flexible biosensors for continuous health monitoring

Flexible biosensors enable real-time, point-of-care health monitoring through wearable systems and must withstand complex mechanical deformation during use. Their performance is governed by coupled material properties, structural design, and fabrication strategies. This review integrates mechanistic insights, bio-interface design, data handling, fabrication methods, and hybrid material strategies, and outlines pathways toward advanced biosensors capable of maintaining structural integrity and high performance in real-world applications.