Evaluating Longitudinal Associations Between Depressive Symptoms, Smoking, and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in the CARDIA Study
Key result
Co-occurring depression and smoking show no synergistic link to inflammatory, oxidative, or endothelial biomarkers.
- P>.01
- n=3,614
Why the study?
The study aimed to evaluate associations between 15-year trajectories of co-occurring depressive symptoms and smoking with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease at year 15.
Do trajectories of depressive symptoms and smoking synergistically associate with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in young adults?
Population
3614 adults followed from year 0 (ages 18-30 years) in CARDIA
Comparison
15-year trajectories of depressive symptoms, smoking, and their interaction
Design
Cohort study
Follow-up
15 years
Authors
Discussion
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Implication
No synergistic effects observed; leaves open whether combined depression-smoking trajectories warrant joint interventions beyond independent risks.
Study Design
Type
Cohort (n=3,614)
Structured PICO
Do trajectories of depressive symptoms and smoking synergistically associate with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in young adults?
P
Population
3,614 adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study followed from year 0 (ages 18-30 years) through year 15 (ages 33-45 years), 56% women, 47% black, mean age 40 years at year 15.
I
Intervention
Trajectories of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale [CES-D]) and smoking (cigarettes per day [CPD]) over 15 years
C
Comparator
No depression trajectory and never smokers
O
Outcome
Biomarkers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, F2-isoprostanes), and endothelial dysfunction (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble P-selectin) at year 15surrogate
Main Result
p-value: p=>.01
Co-occurring depressive symptoms and smoking do not synergistically increase cardiovascular risk via inflammation, oxidative stress, or endothelial dysfunction, though each independently affects different biomarker pathways.
Cite This Study
Carroll et al. (2019) conducted a cohort in Cardiovascular disease risk (n=3,614). Depressive symptoms and smoking trajectories vs. No depression trajectory and never smokers was evaluated on Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction (p=>.01). Co-occurring depressive symptoms and smoking over 15 years did not synergistically associate with biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, or endothelial dysfunction (all interaction p>0.01).