Blood pressure levels and risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide population-based study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Kaplan-Meier curves for cumulative incidence of ESRD stratified by BP categories and hypertension grades. (a) SBP categories: <120 mmHg, 120–129 mmHg, 130–139 mmHg, 140–149 mmHg, and ≥ 150 mmHg, (b) DBP categories: <70 mmHg, 70–79 mmHg, 80–89 mmHg, and ≥ 90 mmHg, (c) PP categories: <40 mmHg, 40–49 mmHg, 50–59 mmHg, 60–69 mmHg, and ≥ 70 mmHg, (d) Hypertension grades based on classification: Optimal, Normal, High-Normal, HTN grade 1, HTN grade 2, and HTN grade 3. The cumulative incidence probabilities were calculated over 6 years of follow-up. ESRD: end-stage renal disease; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP; PP: pulse pressure.

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  Fig. 2. Restricted cubic spine analyses for BP and ESRD patients. The HR for incident ESRD showed a linear relationship with a baseline of 115 mmHg for SBP (a) and a J-shaped curve with a nadir at 68 mmHg for DBP (b). The shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals. BP: blood pressure; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; HR; hazard ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

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  Fig. 3. Forest plots for SBP and DBP and ESRD outcomes stratified by age, sex, and CKD status. (a) HRs for ESRD outcomes according to SBP categories (< 120, 120–129, 130–139, 140–149, and ≥ 150 mmHg) stratified by age (< 65 years and ≥ 65 years), sex (male and female), and CKD status (CKD[-] and CKD[+]), (b) HRs for ESRD outcomes according to DBP categories (< 70, 70–79, 80–89, and ≥ 90 mmHg) stratified by the same subgroups. Each plot includes the HRs with 95% CIs and the p-values for interaction tests between subgroups. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HRs: hazard ratios; CIs: confidence intervals.