Population
Patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart…
Comparison
Invasive hemodynamic evaluation in the cardiac… vs Noninvasive clinical and imaging evaluations
Design
Guideline
Authors
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Endorses selective invasive hemodynamics when noninvasive results are inconclusive; extends guideline consensus on targeted use in complex cases.
Invasive hemodynamic assessment remains the gold standard for evaluating complex cardiovascular pathophysiology, particularly when noninvasive testing is equivocal or insufficient for guiding advanced therapies.
Sorajja et al. (2017) studied this question.