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This research aims to enhance the operational efficiency and revenue generation of PV-storage virtual power plants in multi-market environments.

May 22, 2026ElectronicsOpen Access

Three-Stage Stochastic Optimal Operation and Game-Theoretic Benefit Allocation Strategy for a PV-Storage Virtual Power Plant Under Multi-Market Synergy

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Randomized trial demonstrates improved market revenue in PV-storage virtual power plants, suggesting better profitability in multi-market setups.

This research aims to enhance the operational efficiency and revenue generation of PV-storage virtual power plants in multi-market environments.
Developed a three-stage stochastic optimal operation strategy incorporating day-ahead bidding and real-time optimization.
Utilized Monte Carlo simulation to address market uncertainties and employed the stochastic dual-dynamic-programming algorithm for optimization.
Quantified bargaining power through multiple dimensions to establish a benefit allocation model based on Nash–Harsanyi bargaining.
Improved single-day market revenue by up to 20.79% compared to traditional operation modes.
Achieved near-zero curtailment rate for distributed photovoltaic sources.
Maintained frequency regulation performance scores above 0.4 at all times, increasing benefits for all alliance investment entities by 3.36–99.43%.

X et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial demonstrates improved market revenue in PV-storage virtual power plants, suggesting better profitability in multi-market setups.