What does this research mean for the field?

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

Both short (<7 hours) and long (≥9 hours) sleep durations are associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension in young and middle-aged adults, particularly in Asian populations. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

March 7, 2025International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and PreventionOpen Access

Association of sleep duration with hypertension in young and middle-aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Why the study?

Hypertension in young and middle-aged individuals has low awareness and treatment rates, and the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension risk needed further elucidation.

Does short or long sleep duration increase the risk of hypertension in young and middle-aged adults?

Structured PICO

Does short or long sleep duration increase the risk of hypertension in young and middle-aged adults?

Population

256,185 young and middle-aged adults (aged 18-65 years) pooled from 16 studies (3 cohort, 13 cross-sectional).

Intervention

Short sleep duration (<7 h) and long sleep duration (≥9 h)

Comparator

Normal sleep duration (7 h or 7-8 h)

Outcome

Prevalent or incident hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, diagnosis of hypertension, or use of antihypertensive drugs)hard clinical

Both short (<7 h) and long (≥9 h) sleep durations are associated with an increased risk of hypertension in young and middle-aged adults, highlighting the importance of healthy sleep patterns for cardiovascular prevention.

Limitations

Eight studies failed to measure key potential confounding variables and did not adjust statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure and outcome.

Implication

May inform sleep assessment in hypertension prevention; leaves open causality and intervention effects.

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A number of studies have suggested that sleep duration play an important role in the development of hypertension. Hypertension in young and middle-aged individuals is characterized by low awareness and treatment rates, increasing the risk of adverse events. To further elucidate the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension risk in young and middle-aged individuals, we conducted a meta-analysis. Methods: This study searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from January 2003 to November 5, 2023. Data analysis was performed using STATA 17. Using Q test and I2-statistic, heterogeneity test for the included studies was conducted. Potential small-sample effects were evaluated based on the symmetry of funnel plots, and publication bias in included studies was evaluated using Egger's test. Results: Data analysis of sleep duration was conducted for 16 studies, which revealed that both long sleep duration (OR, 1.10; 95 % CI, 1.05-1.15) and short sleep duration (RR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.05 to 1.15) were associated with hypertension in young and middle-aged individuals, particularly in Asian populations. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed an association between sleep duration (short [<7 h] and long [≥9 h]) and the development of hypertension in young and middle-aged adults, particularly in Asian populations. Sleep is a behavior that can be modified. Clinicians and health professionals should be encouraged to intensify efforts to promote healthy sleep for all and reduce the occurrence of high blood pressure in young and middle-aged individuals.