What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to clarify the complex role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its implications for B cell autoimmunity.

Bridging B-cell autoimmunity and oncology: the PD-1/PD-L1 paradox in systemic lupus erythematosus

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Review reveals PD-1/PD-L1 paradox in autoimmune SLE, exploring new immunotherapy strategies.

The aim is to clarify the complex role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its implications for B cell autoimmunity.
Synthesize recent findings on PD-1/PD-L1 in SLE.
Examine the correlation of PD-1 expression with Tfh and Tph cell activation.
Summarize emerging precision immunotherapy strategies including PD-1 agonists and engineered MSCs.
High PD-1 expression on pathogenic Tfh and Tph cells is linked to chronic activation rather than exhaustion.
Emerging therapies include PD-1 agonists, bispecific inhibitors targeting ICOSL/BAFF, and engineered MSCs.
Interventions aim for a precision reset of the autoimmune system, moving beyond traditional immunosuppression.

Guan et al. (2026) studied this question.

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