A novel porous media-based approach to outflow boundary resistances of 1D arterial blood flow models

Fig. 1. Downstream vascular network embedded in solid tissue (top) and equivalent poro-elastic material model (bottom) for representing terminal boundary conditions

Fig. 2. Change of particle size as microvessel diameter decreases. Smaller calibre vessels perfuse more intimately into solid tissue, which can be seen as solid particles embedded in a fluid matrix

Fig. 3. Space–porosity models adopted. The locations (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) are used to monitor flow rate and pressure

Fig. 4. Flow and pressure time evolutions at the monitored locations (a), (b) and (c) of the terminal vessel, for different outflow boundary conditions

Fig. 5. Flow and pressure time evolutions at the monitored locations (d), (e) and (f) of the poro-elastic vessel, for different porosity models

Fig. 6. Flow and pressure time evolutions at the outlet of the common carotid artery, for different terminal models and minimum microvessel diameters

Fig. 7. Flow and pressure time evolutions at the outlet of the upper thoracic aorta, for different terminal models and minimum microvessel diameters

Fig. 8. Arterial tree proposed by Low et al. (2012). The red dashed line represents the heart region including the first eight arteries of the network. Black circles indicate the four monitoring points where flow variables are recorded

Fig. 9. Time evolutions of pressure at different nodes of the arterial network. Dashed lines are used for experimental data from the literature: Schaaf and Abbrecht (1972), Matthys et al. (2007) and Kroeker and Wood (1955)

Fig. 10. Time evaluations of flow rate at different nodes of the arterial network. Continuous lines are used for simulation results. Dashed lines are used for experimental data from the literature: Reymond et al. (2009)

Fig. 11. Flow and pressure time evolutions at the monitored locations (a, b, c), for five different mesh sizes