Applications of ChatGPT in Heart Failure Prevention, Diagnosis, Management, and Research: A Narrative Review

Figure 1. Schematic explanation of various neural network models. The Feed Forward Neural Network model is depicted with a linear arrangement of input, hidden, and output layers, illustrating a straightforward data processing path without feedback connections. The Recurrent Neural Network model handles sequential data via recurrent connections in the hidden layers, allowing for temporal data processing, shown with output probabilities. The Convolutional Neural Network model is detailed with layers designated for feature extraction from images, including convolutional, pooling, and flattened layers, leading to an output that classifies emotional expressions. Lastly, the Transformer Architecture uses components such as Multi-Head Attention and positional encodings to manage dependencies in input data effectively, exemplifying its advanced data processing capabilities.

Figure 2. ChatGPT model workflow explained from a deep learning perspective. Test data, including text, images, and electrocardiograms (ECG), are processed through layered machine learning algorithms, producing predictors via pattern recognition. These predictors are refined through reinforcement learning from human feedback and supervised learning using a labeled dataset, enhancing the model’s natural language generation capabilities.

Figure 3. The utilization of ChatGPT in the effective management of SDoH. ChatGPT systems can manage upstream determinants of heart failure by supporting advocacy, education, and policy development, enhancing efforts to address socioeconomic inequities. They also improve patient communication, facilitate access to resources, support clinical decisions, and monitor patient outcomes for downstream determinants.

Figure 4. Role of ChatGPT in heart failure management. Multifaceted applications of ChatGPT in heart failure, spanning four key areas: Prevention and Early Detection, Diagnosis and Analysis, Management and Treatment Support, and Research and Education. ChatGPT can assist in risk assessment, health promotion, symptom analysis, referral assistance, telehealth support, personalized medication management, emotional support, and in research activities like hypothesis generation and data analysis. EKG: Electrocardiogram; ECHO: Echocardiogram; PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.