A systematic review of honey properties from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic activities to cosmetic application and clinical trials

Honey is a natural product widely investigated for its potential therapeutic properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. This systematic review aims to summarize and critically analyze current evidence regarding the biological and therapeutic effects of honey. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies evaluating the anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities of honey. Both preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies were included. Data were analyzed descriptively due to variability in study designs, honey types, and experimental models. Evidence suggests that honey may exert anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory pathways, leading to a reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators. Antidiabetic effects have been reported in experimental studies, including improved insulin sensitivity and attenuation of oxidative stress, although clinical evidence remains limited. Honey also exhibits antioxidant activity attributed to its rich content in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which contribute to the neutralization of free radicals and protection against oxidative damage. Honey demonstrates promising therapeutic potential in the context of inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. However, current evidence is mainly derived from preclinical studies, and clinical data remain insufficient. Further, standardized and well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects and support their therapeutic application.