How to Approach Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation: A Practical Guide and Literature Review

Figures

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  Figure 1. A schematic representation of the three major clinical complications of HT; from top to bottom: ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure, and stroke.

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  Figure 2. Endoventricular thrombosis in a 48-year-old male patient with HT cardiomyopathy admitted to our cardiology department due to new-onset heart failure; the thrombus was successfully treated with intravenous heparin. The arrows indicate the thrombus inside the ventricular cavity.

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  Figure 3. A practical approach to patients with excessive trabeculation. Red flags represent the features leading to the final diagnosis, while additional clues (in green) may be used to keep the patient under follow-up in the absence of a clear red flag.

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  Figure 4. An ECG of a 62-year-old woman with heart failure and an HT phenotype. Note the frequent ectopies and the pre-excitation-like appearance.