Resistin concentrations in perivascular adipose tissue as a highly sensitive marker of smoking status in patients with advanced coronary artery disease requiring coronary artery bypass grafting

Figures

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  Figure 1. Patient selection for the study and subgroup division according to smoking status. A total of 2,548 myocardial revascularization procedures were performed at the Department of Cardiac Surgery between 2017 and 2022. The study initially included 128 patients who were operated by author of study and met the inclusion criteria. During the study, 18 patients were withdrawn, and the final group consisted of 110 patients, who were then divided into subgroups based on smoking habits.

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  Figure 2. Differences in selected clinical parameters between never-smokers and ever-smokers. The group of ever smokes showed significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory parameters, such as resistin concentrations in PVAT and plasma, as well as IL-6 and CRP concentrations in plasma No statistically significant differences between never-smokers and ever-smokers in eGFR and plasma lipids, glucose, or hemoglobin concentration were found. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant (nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ns, nonsignificant; PVAT, perivascular adipose tissue; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

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  Figure 3. Differences in the percentage of patients with and without diabetes depending on the smoking status. Significant differences in the percentage of patients with diabetes were found between never-smokers and current smokers, as well as between past smokers and current smokers, but not between never-smokers and past smokers or ever-smokers. A p values of less than 0.05 was considered significant (Fisher’s exact test). ns, nonsignificant.

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  Figure 4. Differences in selected clinical parameters between never-smokers, past smokers, and current smokers. Significantly higher concentrations of resistin in PVAT and plasma, as well as plasma concentration of IL-6 and CRP, were found in both past smokers and current smokers compared to never-smokers. The plasma concentrations of TG and LDL-C were found to be significantly lower in current smokers compared to past smokers. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ns, nonsignificant; PVAT, perivascular adipose tissue; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

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  Figure 5. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis of selected clinical parameters in ever-smokers. The matrix with obtained Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is shown. The concentration of resistin in PVAT showed a strong positive correlation with plasma resistin concentrations and a moderate positive correlation with plasma IL-6 concentrations, as well as with the number of pack-years. Plasma resistin levels exhibited a moderate positive correlation with IL-6 concentrations but a weak negative correlation with eGFR. Additionally, weak positive correlations were observed between plasma IL-6 concentrations and the number of pack-years, as well as between hs-CRP and eGFR concentrations. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensivity C reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; PVAT, perivascular adipose tissue.