Association between pulse pressure and progression of chronic kidney disease

Figure 1. Definition of outcomes. The colored area was eligible for study (those with CKD at baseline). Progression of CKD was defined as exacerbation in the eGFR category or urinary protein category from baseline categories according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) CKD guidelines.

Figure 2. Stratified analyses of blood pressure: relationship between pulse pressure quartile and progression of CKD. Analyses were stratified by SBP (< 140, ≥ 140) and DBP (< 90, ≥ 90). Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with pulse pressure quartiles for the progression of CKD were obtained, controlling for sex, age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, obesity, current smoking and drinking alcohol, and baseline eGFR and proteinuria. P for interaction was obtained by adding interaction terms to the models. Boxes and vertical lines represent hazard ratios and 95% confident intervals, respectively.

Figure 3. Effects of pulse pressure quartile on eGFR decline or progression of proteinuria. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with pulse pressure quartile for progression of eGFR decline or proteinuria were obtained, controlling for sex, age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, obesity, current smoking and drinking alcohol, and baseline eGFR and proteinuria. Boxes and vertical lines represent hazard ratios and 95% confident intervals, respectively.

Figure 4. Subgroup analyses: interaction between pulse pressure and each covariate for the progression of CKD. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with pulse pressure quartile for the progression of CKD were obtained by adding interaction terms to Cox’s proportional hazards models, controlling for sex, age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, obesity, current smoking and drinking alcohol, hemoglobin, and baseline eGFR and proteinuria. P for interaction was obtained by adding interaction terms to the models. Boxes and vertical lines represent hazard ratios and 95% confident intervals, respectively.