Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension

FIGURE 1. Flowchart of the recruitment, allocation, follow-up, and analysis of participants’ data processes.

FIGURE 2. (A–F) Responses of systolic blood pressure (A), diastolic (B), heart rate (C), systolic blood pressure hypotension (D), diastolic (E), and area under the curve (AUC) of mean arterial pressure (MBP) (F), after an exercise session in middle-aged patients with hypertension. Subjects were classified into the aerobic exercise group (AG) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG). In GA, the statistical differences (p < 0.05) between moments of acute exercise are represented with symbols in the lower portion of the Figure, **, PRE–POST; ‡‡, PRE—15 min; $, PRE—30 min; a, POST—15 min; °, POST—30 min; &, 15 min—30 min. The symbol £ means that all moments had statistical differences between them. In RG, the statistical differences between moments of the acute exercise with symbols in the upper part of the Figure, *, PRE–POST; †, PRE—15 min; ||, PRE—30 min; ‡, POST—15 min; #, POST—30 min; §, 15 min—30 min.

FIGURE 3. (A-D) Levels of endothelium-derived substances after an exercise session in middle-aged patients with hypertension. NOx, nitrites and nitrate; ET-1, endothelin-1; Delta NOx, highest post–pre values; Delta ET-1, lowest post–pre value levels. AG, aerobic group (AG); RG, dynamic resistance exercise group.

FIGURE 4. Comparison of AG and RG (A,B), AG and AC (C,D), and RG and RC (E,F) (for SBP, DBP, respectively) across the 7 h. AC—aerobic control; AG—aerobic group; C—condition factor; CxT—interaction condition x time; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; GEE—generalized estimating equation; RC—resistance control; RG—resistance group; SBP—systolic blood pressure; T—time factor. (A) difference between AG and RG (p = 0.006) in 1 h post-exercise; (B) difference between rest and 1 h post-exercise in AG (p < 0.001); (C) difference between 1 h with hours 4 and 5 post-exercise in AG (p = 0.003 and p = 0.027, respectively); (D) difference between 6 h with hours 4 and 5 post-exercise in AG (p = 0.022 and p = 0.020, respectively); (E) difference between hour 3 and 5 post-control session in AC (p = 0.016).

FIGURE 5. Comparison of AG and RG (A), AG and AC (B), and RG and RC (C) for MBP across the 7 h. AC—aerobic control; AG—aerobic group; c- condition factor; CxT—interaction condition x time; GEE—generalized estimating equation; MBP—mean blood pressure; RC—resistance control; RG—resistance group; T—time factor. a- difference between AG and RG (p = 0.006) for hour 1 post-exercise; b- difference between rest and hour 1 post-exercíse in AG (p = 0.001); c- difference between hour 1 and hour 4 post-exercise in AG (p = 0.006); d- difference between hour 1 with hours 5, 6, and 7 post-exercise in RC (p = 0.031, p = 0.002, and p = 0.041, respectively).