Review: Aldosterone Inhibition Reduces the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Heart Failure

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for over 450,000 deaths annually in the USA. Sudden death is estimated to account for approximately 50% of all deaths from cardiovascular causes. Total cardiac mortality has decreased from 728,115 in 1989 to 719,456 in 1999 but the percentage of deaths that are sudden has actually increased from 38% to 47%. Prevention of SCD in patients with risk factors is a high priority for public health professionals. Aldosterone has been shown to be associated with myocardial inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis. There is evidence from clinical trials suggesting the role of aldosterone inhibition in prevention of SCD. We reviewed the potential mechanisms and discuss the clinical implications of Randomised ALdactone Evaluation Study (RALES) and Eplerenone Neurohormonal Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS). The use of aldosterone receptor blockers had an overall effect of 21% risk reduction in SCD. Appropriate monitoring and counselling is essential while using either of the aldosterone inhibitors.