JSSM Guidelines for erectile dysfunction

The preparation of these Guidelines was decided upon by the Board of Directors of the Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine (JSSM) in 2006. It was then approved by the Society members, and developed with the support of the Japanese Urological Association. The need for these Guidelines arose in 1999, when oral medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) was approved for sale in Japan. Until that time, only a few specialists were involved in the treatment of ED. With the appearance of an effective oral agent, general physicians had more opportunities to treat ED. This led to our decision to produce these Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ED, suitable for general physicians. The funding came entirely from the Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine, with the approval of the Board of Directors. As mentioned above, these Guidelines are aimed at the general physician. In this case, the term general physician includes most urologists who do not specialize in the area of sexual dysfunctions. We initially based our deliberations on the record of the International Consultation on Erectile and Sexual Dysfunctions,1 and the 2005 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU) ED Guidelines,2 the most recent guidelines available at present. We searched specialist ED journals, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, International Journal of Impotence Research, and journals published by the Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine, for papers published after the above guidelines were issued. We also searched the specialist urology journals, Journal of Urology, Urology, BJU International, and European Urology. We confined our PubMed search to 'review OR meta-analysis' from 2005 or later, using the key words 'erectile dysfunction OR sexual dysfunction'. Based on the resulting material, preparation committee members Drs Kimoto, Nagao, Sasaki and Marumo (all urologists) gathered and conferred together at branch meetings of the Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine and the general meeting of the Japanese Urological Association, and produced some draft guidelines. These were sent to committee members Drs Ishikura, Takahashi, Nishi and Ms Futamatsu for their opinions in their specialist fields. The draft guidelines, revised according to their opinions, were then presented to the General Council of the Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine. Further changes were made following their deliberations, and the Guidelines were ratified. Levels of evidence for the references quoted in the Guidelines, and the recommendation grades, were based on the 'Minds 2007 Manual for Production of Clinical Practice guidelines'3 (see Table 1). The Third International Consultation on Erectile and Sexual Dysfunctions is scheduled for 2009, and the proceedings should be release in 2010. We plan to prepare a Japanese version based on their deliberations, work progressing through 2010 and 2011, and the revised Japanese Guidelines should be ready for publishing in 2011. The production committee for the revised edition will be selected mainly from participants in the 2009 International Consultation. All of the members of the Guidelines preparation committee have over the past 3 years received payments in their respective specialty fields, in the form of lecture fees and teaching fees, from Pfizer, Bayer, and Eli-Lilly Japan. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the representatives of the Japanese Urological Association, and in particular Dr Akihiko Okuyama, the Association President, for their invaluable assistance in the preparation of these Guidelines. A recent review article4 estimated that at present 5–20% of all adult males worldwide experience moderate to complete ED.NB This proportion is expected to further increase with the aging population, doubling by the year 2025.5 An epidemiological survey was conducted in Japan with a questionnaire using the same format as the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS).6 Subject selection was based on the basic resident registry, and the survey was conducted using a postal and visit format. This allowed an accurate statistical survey and an accurate estimation of the prevalence of this condition on a national scale. A total of 2000 subjects randomly selected from 100 locations around Japan were surveyed, with a 55.2% response rate. As with the MMAS, the prevalence of ED rose with age. From the prevalence found in the survey, 11 300 000 Japanese males aged 30–79 were estimated to have moderate to complete ED.7 The rapidly aging population of Japan leads us to anticipate a further rise in ED patients in the future. NBDegree of severity classified by patients themselves. After explanation of a simple definition of ED, patients were asked to identify which of the following best fit their own symptoms: No ED: always able to get and keep erection good enough for sexual intercourse Mild ED: usually able to get and keep erection good enough for sexual intercourse Moderate ED: sometimes able to get and keep erection good enough for sexual intercourse Complete ED: never able to get and keep erection good enough for sexual intercourse Classification of the severity of ED using a single question has been shown to correlate very closely with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF),8 an index with confirmed validity9. In both of the abovementioned MMAS6 and the Japanese surveys,7 the prevalence of ED increases with age. In an epidemiological survey comparing 289 residents in a Japanese community and 2115 residents in a community in the USA, the decline in erectile function was more marked in the Japanese responders, with 71% of those in their 70s reporting moderate or complete ED.10 An increased prevalence of ED with age was also seen in a Japanese survey of company employees and their families.11 Similar results were seen in a Japanese survey of 4609 subjects undergoing outpatient treatment for chronic conditions,12 and a survey that analyzed data from 2084 routine health checks.13 The reasons for the increase in ED with age are thought to be the physiological aging process as well as the risk factors mentioned below, that also tend to increase with age.14 Tobacco smoking is known to cause vascular endothelial damage, making it a risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. Smoking is also an independent risk factor for ED.15 Although the MMAS did not find smoking to be an independent risk factor for ED, smoking did significantly increase the risk of ED in subjects with coronary artery disease or hypertension.6 In the MMAS follow-up study the odds ratio for ED in smokers versus non-smokers was 1.97.16 A meta-analysis yielded an ED prevalence of 40% in smokers, significantly higher than that of 28% in the general population.17 Subclassification of smokers according to their level of additional passive smoking (no passive smoking, only at home, only at work, both at home and at work) showed that the risk of ED increased in a dose dependent manner as the level of passive smoking increased.16 A dose dependency relationship has also been shown between smoking and the degree of stenosis of the arteries of the corpus cavernosum,18 and between smoking and a reduction in nocturnal erections.19 Unfortunately, there have been no vertical studies with large subject numbers of the effects of smoking cessation. A horizontal study conducted with 4500 retired military personnel showed a lower prevalence of ED in ex-smokers than in those presently smoking (2% vs 3.7%).20 This could be called indirect evidence that smoking cessation lowers the risk of ED.14 Guay et al. reported that when heavy smokers with ED gave up smoking for 1 month, they experienced rapid and significant improvement in the fullness and rigidity of their erections.21 These results indicate that smoking cessation improves erectile function in younger subjects, but there have been a number of reports of no amelioration of ED with smoking cessation.22, 23 In a large scale survey of over 110 000 Japanese junior and senior high school students, 29.9% of male students in the first year of junior high school had ever smoked (4.6% smoked every day). Smoking rates rose each year, reaching 55.6% ever smokers in the third year of senior high school (7.1% smoked every day).24 Considering the present situation where many smokers begin smoking before the age of 18, we should warn male high school students that in order to maintain good sexual function they should not smoke, and if they do smoke, they should quit immediately [Recommendation Grade C1]. According to the MMAS, 15% of patients on treatment for hypertension have complete ED.6 A subsequent survey conducted in seven Western countries also demonstrated a prevalence of 26% for ED in hypertensive respondents.25 Conversely, a study that analyzed the data for 28 000 US recipients of managed care found that 41.2% of ED sufferers also had hypertension, whereas only 19.2% of males without ED suffered from hypertension. The odds ratio for hypertension against ED was 1.383, after correction for age and other background factors.26 We must consider adverse reactions of antihypertensive medication (discussed below under Pharmacological ED) as a possible cause of ED in hypertensive patients, although most patients are already aware of some symptoms of ED before commencing antihypertensive medication.26 It appears definite that hypertension is an independent risk factor for ED. The odds ratios for hypertension against ED in two Japanese studies were significant at 2.79 and 1.79, respectively,11, 12 although a survey of data from routine health checks yielded an odds ratio of 0.68 that was not significant.13 From a study of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the etiological mechanism of ED in hypertensive subjects is thought to involve structural changes in the penile vasculature and corpus cavernosum, and hypertensive endothelial damage.27 A review of 23 epidemiological studies published after 1958 estimated the prevalence of ED in diabetic patients at 26–35%.28 According to the MMAS, the risk of complete ED in diabetics was three times that in non-diabetics.6 A cohort study of over 30 000 middle-aged and elderly medical workers calculated an odds ratio of 1.32 for the risk of ED in diabetics vs non-diabetics.29 An Italian survey of 10 000 diabetics demonstrated an increase with age in the prevalence of ED, from 4.6% in the twenties to 45.5% in the sixties, and an overall rate of 35.8%.30 A Japanese survey of 1118 diabetic subjects (age range 40–79) found 64% of respondents with at least moderate ED according to the IIEF5.31 The odds ratios for diabetes vs ED in the three previously mentioned Japanese epidemiological surveys were all significant at 3.84, 2.88 and 2.54, respectively.11-13 A review article in 1998 stated that ED in diabetics is basically organic ED.32 Chronic and progressive in nature, ED can also be an early symptom of diabetes. Libido is generally maintained. A survey of 126 men with ED as the presenting complaint revealed that 17% had already been diagnosed with diabetes, 4.7% were newly diagnosed with diabetes, and 12% were found to have impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, the diagnosis had been missed in previous tests for diabetes in 80% of cases.33 Measurement of blood sugar levels is therefore an essential part of the assessment of ED patients [Recommendation Grade B]. In the diabetic patients, the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease is very high. Silent coronary artery disease is a strong predictor of coronary events and cardiac death. In uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values for ED were 33.8%, 95.3% and 88.2%, respectively. ED may be a potential marker with silent coronary artery disease among diabetic patients. An exercise ECG is suggested to be useful before starting a treatment for ED in diabetic patients34[Recommendation Grade B]. The mechanism of the onset of ED in diabetic patients is thought to include autonomic neuropathy, disorders of the penile vasculature and endothelial damage.28 Overseas data indicate that total cholesterol levels are raised in 26% of men with ED.35 A follow-up study of 3250 males aged 25–83 with dyslipidemia (no ED at study commencement) found that the odds ratio for the risk of ED in subjects with a total cholesterol level >240 (mg/dL) versus those with a level <180 was 1.83. The odds ratio for ED in subjects with a high density lipoprotein (HDL) level >60 (mg/dL) versus those with a level <30 was 0.3.36 The MMAS demonstrated a negative correlation between HDL levels and the rate of ED.6 The abovementioned three Japanese epidemiological studies did not show any significant differences in the prevalence of ED with any lipid parameters,11-13 so it may be that dyslipidemia does not necessarily increase the risk of ED in Japanese men. The effect of lipid-lowering agents on erectile function is a controversial area. In a study of ED patients in whom an elevated total cholesterol level was the only risk factor, administration of atorvastatin significantly reduced total cholesterol levels (P < 0.001), and the IIEF erectile function domain also improved significantly from 14.2 to 20.7 (P < 0.001).37 On the other hand, both statin and fibrate classes of lipid-lowering agents have been implicated as possibly causing pharmacological ED.38 The athelosclerosis in the pelvic vascular beds is presumed to be the cause of dyslipidemia-induced ED.39 In comparison with males in the healthy weight range, the odds ratio for ED is 60% greater in overweight males, after correction for other factors.40 The MMAS follow-up study also found a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and exacerbation of ED, and a negative correlation between BMI and amelioration of ED.41 A Boston study that followed over 1000 men aged 40–70 for an average of 8.8 years found a positive correlation between overweight and ED (P < 0.006), and a negative correlation between exercise and ED (P < 0.01).23 The Japanese analysis of data from routine health checks defined overweight as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and yielded an odds ratio of 0.94 for overweight vs ED, that was not significant.13 In a cohort study of over 30 000 medical workers aged 53–90, the risk of ED in the group doing at least 32.6 metabolic equivalents (METS) weekly versus the group doing only 2.7 METS exercises a week was 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.6–0.7). The risk of ED in the group with a BMI >28.7 versus the group with a BMI <23.2 was 1.3 (1.2–1.4).42 An intervention trial was conducted with 110 overweight males aged 35–55, with an IIEF5 score ≤21 points, but no diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia. The intervention group was given detailed individual advice regarding calorie intake and exercise, bringing about weight reduction ≥10%. The control group was given verbal and written information about diet and exercise. After 2 years, the intervention group had reduced their average BMI from 36.9 to 31.2, whereas the control group had only dropped from 36.4 to 35.7 (P < 0.01). The IIEF5 score rose from 13.9 to 17 (P < 0.01) in the intervention group, but was unchanged in the control group, going from 13.5 to 13.6.43 An appropriate level of exercise should therefore be recommended from both preventive and therapeutic viewpoints [Recommendation Grade B]. Using the MMAS data, a study was conducted into the relationship between depression and ED, defining depression as a score of at least 16 points on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Multiple regression analysis revealed a strong correlation, with an odds ratio for depression and ED of 1.82 (1.21–2.73).44 A vertical study conducted in Finland that followed up 1380 men in their sixth to eighth decades found a strong correlation between ED and depression. The adjusted odds ratio for ED in subjects with depression at the commencement of the study vs those not on treatment for depression was 2.6, and the same odds ratio versus those on treatment for depression was 3.3. Conversely, the adjusted odds ratio for depression in subjects with ED at the commencement of the study versus those with no ED was 1.9.45 In a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of sildenafil in the treatment of 152 ED patients with depression, symptoms of depression improved significantly in subjects whose erectile function improved with administration of the test drug (responders) in comparison with non-responders.46 This suggests a strong correlation between the two conditions. A survey conducted with 10 000 residents in seven Western countries yielded an odds ratio for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) versus ED of 8.9 (6.85–11.55), greater than that of 1.96 for diabetes versus ED.47 In a Japanese survey of subjects with chronic conditions, the odds ratio for prostatic disease was 4.8,12 and a significant correlation was also seen in the routine health check data.11 The mechanism of ED in men with LUTS is thought to involve common factors such as pelvic ischemia.48 Treatments for LUTS and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), both pharmacological using alpha-blockers,49 and surgical,50 have been shown to improve erectile function, so aggressive treatment of these conditions is recommended [Recommendation Grade B]. Several medications are known to trigger ED. Table 2 shows some typical agents that can cause ED. If patients are told that medication is the likely cause of their ED, this will lead to reduced compliance with their treatment. Agents used to treat hypertension and psychiatric disorders make up the majority of medications known to cause ED, and control of these conditions is far more important than treatment of ED, although for some patients the priorities will be reversed.51 For treatment of hypertension, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended because they are less likely to cause ED51[Recommendation Grade B]. It is a problem that even if the offending medication is removed, erectile function does not always recover.51 General physicians are therefore encouraged to discuss this specific potential adverse reaction with patients before prescribing any medication that may cause ED [Recommendation Grade B]. Overseas data indicate that many patients with cardiovascular disease have symptoms of ED, and that cardiovascular disease and ED have a common pathological basis (endothelial damage) and a number of common risk factors.52 In diabetics, ED is the most effective predictive factor for coronary artery disease.34 Analysis of the placebo group in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) showed that the presence or onset of ED was a significant predictor of subsequent cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.25).53 Even in Japan, with considerably less ischemic heart disease than Western countries, a study of 58 subjects presenting with ED, including stress electrocardiography, found 18 subjects (31%) with ischemic heart disease or in the high risk group.54 Accordingly, one should always keep the possibility of ischemic heart disease in mind when seeing a patient with ED of uncertain etiology [Recommendation Grade B]. A group of cardiologists and urologists met at Princeton University in 1999 and 2004, and issued recommendations based on the abovementioned correlation between ED and cardiovascular disease. Patients should be managed in accordance with the recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panels (Fig. 1) [Recommendation Grade B].55, 56 Assessment of cardiac function should also be repeated on a regular basis, at a recommended interval of 6 months. Princeton Consensus Panel treatment algorithm. Low risk group asymptomatic, less than three risk factors (other than maleness) controlled hypertension mild, stable angina pectoris postsuccessful coronary revascularization asymptomatic, no ischemia on stress test post myocardial disease dysfunction Association or risk group asymptomatic, three or more risk factors (other than maleness) stable angina pectoris of myocardial dysfunction or heart of disease cerebrovascular risk group or angina pectoris hypertension heart recent myocardial high risk moderate to disease. risk factors for cardiovascular disease age hypertension diabetes smoking dyslipidemia of coronary artery disease. are particular in Japan with and of should be conducted in a with no in a from which be It is to involve the in the assessment and any about treatment. The should on the of onset of ED relationship to the onset of any of the onset or other sexual with or relationship with their any previous treatment and their to between physiological and ED, the diagnosis of ED on the basis of no organic ED is a positive diagnosis made when a definite cause has been In to the previously mentioned risk factors check for other conditions such as or to the pelvic and The previously mentioned medications are not the only to cause ED, so always check for of over the about smoking as and type of exercise is for and This is to there is a of exercise, and also as a of cardiac Table 3 for The Japanese version is generally The and of the Japanese have been This should include of and and of the body mass index cardiovascular and and and the penile or and a in patients over for If no results are available from the previous year, test the blood total density cholesterol high density cholesterol and If there are any of levels should be guidelines of total 2 but this is thought to be to with total levels should be made with because the are values and The Japanese of A of ED is shown in Erectile dysfunction (ED) These may include psychiatric nocturnal penile penile and specific for for ED in Japan of nocturnal penile and vascular assessment using an of The of should be as of a sexual not only a 2 If the patient is a smoking cessation. changes and increased exercise if the patient is overweight or exercise. If hypertension, diabetes or depression has been newly the patient to a specialist for the appropriate treatment. If is newly consider treatment with an or If pharmacological ED is the physician should be and of the medication as as treatment of the condition is not to the in should be in the Based on data from healthy Japanese men the Japanese values for are as The Japanese range for total is A meta-analysis of the effects of on male sexual function that is an effective treatment for patients with ED and Grade B]. a for the of this treatment to decline over is in patients with and of the specific level must be before commencement of Patients on should be for as well as function and potential adverse reaction of is The abovementioned meta-analysis data from 17 subjects group subjects, placebo group group with to subject numbers and a follow-up of only 3 A possible publishing has also been The results of this meta-analysis indicate that administration of to males whose levels are not reduced does not improve erectile Considering the increase in in on some have not to make a with available in Japan are oral and and dysfunction is a problem with the oral and there is a of data blood levels with of so are generally In younger patients with damage, ED may be or improved by through rates In a follow-up of symptoms by Japanese patients yielded a patients like these should be and by a experienced in this area [Recommendation Grade B]. The patient and their should be given and with for ED if explanation of the erectile mechanism in an with the of and from the of the inhibitors can be It should be that ED is a and a In time, and is in will specialist and in the following the patient should be to a health ED from the first at sexual with no organic inhibitors no of or vascular disease. or has experienced sexual or sexual Depression found in in the corpus cavernosum, is an enzyme that an for inhibitors the of levels of in corpus to in the corpus and an erection in response to sexual In Japan, the three agents in this presently available on are and [Recommendation Grade This was the first used It has been to over 1 000 000 patients in Japan than 000 000 of after oral A meta-analysis of 11 placebo-controlled data from over subjects, using the assessment question the treatment that used for improve the of The or proportion of the sildenafil group who for the study was group improvement in was reported by of subjects with ED according to the A study the results of a placebo-controlled trial and an study group