Examining the Effects of Dasatinib, Sorafenib, and Nilotinib on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Insights into Proliferation, Migration, and Gene Expression Dynamics

Figures

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  Figure 1. Chemical structures of dasatinib, sorafenib, and nilotinib. It illustrates the molecular structures of dasatinib (C22H26ClN7O2S), sorafenib (C21H16ClF3N4O3), and nilotinib (C28H22F3N7O).

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  Figure 2. The inhibitory effects of (a) dasatinib, (b) sorafenib, (c) nilotinib on VSMCs viability. Cell growth was assessed by the MTT assay after treatment with dasatinib, sorafenib, and nilotinib at concentration ranges (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 µmol/L). * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.05 compared to the control group.

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  Figure 3. Annexin V plus PI staining assay of VSMCs treated with dasatinib, sorafenib, nilotinib. (a) Flow cytometric analysis of cells that were challenged with dasatinib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), sorafenib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), nilotinib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L) for 24 h. (b) Statistical graph of Annexin V plus PI stained VMSCs. ns indicates p > 0.05; * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01 compared to the control group.

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  Figure 4. Time-lapse microscopy images of VSMCs migration. The migration was measured by scratch wound healing assay of untreated (control) or treated cells with dasatinib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), sorafenib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), and nilotinib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L) at 0, 24 h. The dotted line defines the area lacking migratory cells. Magnification ×2000.

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  Figure 5. RT-PCR analysis of (a) p53, (b) BAX, (c) BCL-2 mRNA expression in VSMCs after treatment with dasatinib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), sorafenib (0.5 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L), and nilotinib (0.5 µmol/L 1 µmol/L) for 24 h. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01 compared to the control group.

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  Figure 6. RT-PCR analysis of (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-6, (c) IL-1β mRNA expression in VSMCs after treatment with dasatinib, sorafenib, nilotinib for 24 h at 0.5 and 1 µmol/L concentrations. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 compared to the control group.