Impact of anisotropic conduction and premature atrial contraction on the fractionated atrial potentials

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Comparison of FAPs during sinus rhythm, S1 and S2 (protocol‐1). FAPs are shown in white dots. Purple indicates non‐FAP sites. In this case, FAPs were observed in the right anterior wall during sinus rhythm but disappeared during distal CS pacing (S1). On the other hand, FAPs that were not observed in the posterior wall during S1 were newly observed during S2. FAP, fractionated atrial potential.

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  FIGURE 2. Comparison of FAPs during sinus rhythm, S1 and S2 and mitral flutter. In this case, FAP was not observed in the lateral wall during sinus rhythm but manifested during S1 and S2 pacing. After box isolation, mitral flutter was induced. During mitral flutter, FAPs were observed in the same area. FAP, fractionated atrial potential.

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  FIGURE 3. Distribution of FAP for all cases. The number of patients with FAP out of all patients is shown as a percentage. Red indicates greater than 70%. During sinus rhythm, FAPs were mostly found in the right anterior wall (95% of the patients), followed by the septum, mid‐anterior wall, and right inferior wall. During S1, FAPs were found more frequently in the left anterior wall. During S2, FAPs were found more frequently in the mid, left, and right anterior walls, lateral walls, and left inferior walls. During PAC, FAPs were found more frequently in the left anterior wall and left inferior wall. FAP, fractionated atrial potential.

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  FIGURE 4. Comparison of FAPs during sinus rhythm and PAC (protocol‐2). In this case, FAPs were observed in the right anterior wall during sinus rhythm but disappeared during PAC. On the other hand, FAPs that were not observed in the left inferior wall during sinus rhythm were newly observed during PAC. FAP, fractionated atrial potential.

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  FIGURE 5. Rotational activation pattern in FAP area. In this case, a rotational activation pattern was observed around the FAP area in the left inferior wall during S2. FAP, fractionated atrial potential.