Highlights the paradigm shift in understanding chronic heart failure as a multi-organ disorder involving peripheral abnormalities.
In the recent years we have witnessed a transition in the understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (CHF). Chronic heart failure is now viewed as a multi-organ disorder, which encompasses impaired function of the heart together with several changes at the periphery including abnormalities within the skeletal musculature, impaired function of the respiratory and renal systems, neurohormonal activation and imbalance within the immune system [1,2]. The development of the peripheral syndrome determines the clinical picture of CHF, can explain most of CHF patients’ symptoms and finally may be responsible for the disease progression independently of the haemodynamic status [1,2].
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Piotr Ponikowski (2004) studied this question.
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