Estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion and risk of end-stage kidney disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; UKB, UK Biobank.

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  Figure 2. Restricted cubic splines for the incidence of end-stage kidney disease The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, Townsend deprivation index, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, estimated 24-h urinary potassium excretion, waist circumference, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Each point of the curve is the pointwise average hazard ratio. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. White vertical lines through confidence shade represent 2.5th percentile, first quartile, median, third quartile, and 97.5th percentile of estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion. ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.

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  Figure 3. Proposed interpretation of the net effects of low sodium intake in different people Low sodium intake leads to a reduction in levels of blood pressure and albuminuria but comes at the cost of certain adverse risks, such as higher plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations. In people at high risk, the benefits of low sodium intake exceed the harms; whereas the harms may counteract the benefits in people at low- or intermediate risk (e.g., without hypertension or albuminuria). DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.