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This paper investigates the reasons why less capable states pursue nuclear weapons, particularly focusing on Pakistan as a case study.

June 3, 2026Open Access

Why Do Less Capable States Go Nuclear?

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Qualitative analysis explores nuclear proliferation rationale in less capable states, implying a shift in motivations.

This paper investigates the reasons why less capable states pursue nuclear weapons, particularly focusing on Pakistan as a case study.
Qualitative analysis of nuclear proliferation in second generation nuclear acquirers.
Examination of both security and non-security motivations behind nuclearization.
Case study approach centering on Pakistan's nuclear development.
Security-focused approaches to nuclearization remain relevant but are less emphasized than in the past.
Non-security factors, particularly national prestige and domestic politics, play a significant role in the decision to acquire nuclear weapons.

Spencer Ballus (2023) studied this question.

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