An Intensive, Active Surveillance Reveals Continuous Invasion and High Diversity of Rhinovirus in Households

Figure 1.. Distribution of human rhinovirus-positive samples collected in household 40, 1 of the 5 households in coastal Kenya, by individual and coded by type (color) and symptom status (filled markers, symptomatic; empty markers, asymptomatic) at time of sample collection. As shown, age increases from the infant at the bottom to the oldest member of the household. The other households are shown in the Supplementary Figure 2. Abbreviation: URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.

Figure 2.. For a set of 5 households from coastal Kenya sampled between December 2009 to June 2010, (A) monthly occurrence of human rhinovirus, by species, with numbers of samples collected per month, (B) distribution of number of infection episodes and HRV types, per individual.

Figure 3.. Surveillance in 5 households in 2009–2010 in coastal Kenya. (A) Human rhinovirus (HRV)-positive samples by age groups and by symptomatic status, with proportions per group shown as percentage. (B) box plots of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold (Ct) values across the various age groups, by symptom status. (C) cumulative number of the different HRV types observed over the study period in all the 5 households (line), comparing with monthly sample collection values (bars). (D) Kaplan-Meier plot showing survival estimates of time to HRV reinfection, stratified into 5 age groups. Abbreviations: URTI, upper respiratory tract infection

Figure 4.. Human rhinovirus (HRV) VP4/VP2 phylogenies from coastal Kenya 2009–2010, showing relationships of sequences between the 5 households: (A) HRV-A, (B) HRV-B, and (C) HRV-C. Tips are colored by household of origin and sequences of prototype strains are colored in black. Branch lengths were assigned with SH-aLRT and UFBoot support values. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions/site.