Long-Term Visit-To-Visit Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Population: A Retrospective Population-Based Study

FIGURE 1. Flowchart of the study population. China Health and Nutrition Survey, China, 1989–2015.

FIGURE 2. Association between SBPV and incident diabetes by DBPV tertiles. China Health and Nutrition Survey, China, 1989–2015. Models were adjusted for age, sex, nationality, region of residence, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, ever used antihypertensive treatment, history of hypertension and cumulative mean BP. The solid black lines represent HRs, and colored columns represent the incidence rate of DM (per 1,000 person-years). Abbreviations: SBPV, systolic blood pressure variability; DBPV, diastolic blood pressure variability; CI, confidence intervals.

FIGURE 3. Subgroup analysis of the association between BPV and the risk of diabetesa. China Health and Nutrition Survey, China, 1989–2015. Models were adjusted for age, sex, nationality, region of residence, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, ever used antihypertensive treatment, history of hypertension, and cumulative mean BP (SBP for SBPV, DBP for DBPV). Abbreviations: SBPV, systolic blood pressure variability; DBPV, diastolic blood pressure variability; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals. aThe results are presented in terms of the highest vs. the lowest quartile of BPV.