Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study flowchart.

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  Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of MACEs according to NHHR quartiles. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were categorized by NHHR quartiles: Group 1 (NHHR < 2.68), Group 2 (2.68 ≤ NHHR < 3.57), Group 3 (3.57 ≤ NHHR < 4.8), and Group 4 (NHHR ≥ 4.8). MACE, major adverse cardiac events; NHHR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

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  Figure 3. Relationship between the NHHR and risk of MACEs. (A) Restricted cubic spline regression analysis demonstrated a nonlinear association between the NHHR and the incidence of subsequent MACEs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. The horizontal dashed line demonstrates a hazard ratio of 1.0, and the line of vertical dotted indicates the reference value of NHHR (3.12). (B) Smooth curve fitting analysis of NHHR used to estimate MACE risk. Hazard ratios shown are adjusted for Model 3, which consists of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, glycated hemoglobin, and use of statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, metformin, or sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors. MACE, major adverse cardiac events; NHHR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

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  Figure 4. Subgroup and interaction analyses of the association between the NHHR and MACEs. The population was stratified by sex, age (<65 years and ≥65 years), hypertension, smoking, BMI (<25 kg/m2; ≥25 kg/m2), HbA1C (<8.1% and ≥8.1%), and use of ACEI/ARB, β-blockers, and metformin. ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; NHHR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

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  Figure 5. ROC curves of the NHHR, the GRACE risk score, and the combination for predicting MACEs. GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event; MACEs, major adverse cardiac events; NHHR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.