The role and mechanisms of multiple immunoregulatory cells in pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a complex respiratory illness and a leading cause of mortality from infectious diseases globally. The regulation of the host immune response is integral to the chronic infection process of PTB. In this process, the excessive activation of the host’s negative immune regulatory mechanisms serves as the core pathological basis driving infection chronicity and facilitating pathogen immune evasion. Many reviews highlight successful therapeutic approaches aimed at regulatory immune cells. Understanding the roles of various regulatory immune cells in PTB is of paramount importance. This paper examines key regulatory immune cells involved in the PTB infection process, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and macrophages. Furthermore, the study delves into the mechanisms by which regulatory immune cells induce immunosuppressive functions. In summary, gaining a deep understanding of the immunosuppressive network in PTB will provide a theoretical basis for developing more effective new immunotherapy regimens.