Characterization of pulse waveform reproducibility in a commercial pulse simulator with a flexible novel MXene-based sensor

The BT-CEAB2 Pulse Assessment Simulator was evaluated using a novel flexible MXene/polyurethane resistive sensor positioned at the radial site during 1 h sessions in three operating modes: Palpation, Auscultation, and Palpation-to-Auscultation. For each mode, approximately 1 min recordings acquired at 0, 30, and 60 min were analyzed in Python using baseline-drift removal and morphology-oriented filtering, with the HeartPy toolkit used for systolic peak detection and heart-rate estimation. Across all modes, the signals exhibited clear pulsatile patterns without dropouts or abrupt discontinuities. Inter-beat intervals stayed tightly clustered with only sparse isolated deviations, indicating highly stable pulse timing during sustained simulator operation. In contrast, systolic peak amplitudes showed larger relative variability, plausibly influenced by changes in sensor fixation, contact pressure, and the coupling between the simulator and the sensor over time. Representative pulse waveforms retained a repeatable morphology with identifiable systolic and diastolic features, enabling consistent systolic-to-diastolic timing metrics to verify the simulator output.