What does this research mean for the field?

Despite formal commitments to mother-tongue-based education, structural and ideological barriers in Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan continue to reproduce linguistic inequalities that privilege dominant languages like English. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This article analyzes language education policies in Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan, focusing on social justice implications.

June 7, 2026Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education

Inequalities of English and multilingual education: a comparative policy and social justice analysis of Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan contexts

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Authors

PSPramod K. Sah SSSadia ShadUniversity of British Columbia RORaymond Karikari OwusuBishop's University

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Implication

Comparative policy analysis highlights structural barriers in multilingual education, suggesting reforms are necessary for social justice.

Key Points

This article analyzes language education policies in Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan, focusing on social justice implications.
Comparative education policy framework applied to language-in-education policies in Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan.
Utilization of Nancy Fraser’s multidimensional model of social justice to evaluate educational policies.
Examination of historical and contemporary factors influencing policy implementation.
Identified tensions between multilingual education policy goals and their practical realities.
Demonstrated that structural and ideological barriers perpetuate inequalities in multilingualism across the contexts.
Argued for the necessity of deeper transformational changes to achieve meaningful linguistic justice.

Cite This Study

Sah et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a250be87def13d035e1bf23 https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2026.2675308

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Implication

Comparative policy analysis highlights structural barriers in multilingual education, suggesting reforms are necessary for social justice.

Inequalities of English and multilingual education: a comparative policy and social justice analysis of Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan contexts

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Inequalities of English and multilingual education: a comparative policy and social justice analysis of Ghana, Nepal, and Pakistan contexts

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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