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June 12, 2026Diabetes

2095-P: Maternal Sociodemographic, Prepregnancy, and Pregnancy Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults: The PAPAYA Study

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Key result

Maternal factors, particularly pre-pregnancy BMI and diabetes, are linked to early-onset T2D.

  • n=303,037

Why the study?

Youth type 2 diabetes rates have risen globally, and while preconception and pregnancy are sensitive periods for later risk, the contributing exposures remain unclear.

Are maternal sociodemographic, prepregnancy, and pregnancy factors associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults?

Population

303,037 individuals born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California in 2003-2011

Comparison

Maternal and pregnancy factors

Design

Retrospective cohort study

Authors

SDSaher DarediaCalifornia Institute of TechnologySASara AghaeeKaiser PermanenteJAJULIA ACKERCreative Research Enterprises (United States)

Discussion

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Implication

Maternal factors may inform future prevention; hypothesis-generating and should not yet change practice.

Key Points

  • This study aims to investigate the maternal and pregnancy factors influencing early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adolescents and young adults.
  • Retrospective cohort study involving 303,037 individuals born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2003-2011.
  • Maternal and pregnancy factors obtained from electronic health records and birth certificates.
  • Cox proportional hazards models used to estimate hazard ratios while adjusting for confounders.
  • Significant associations found for maternal factors like pre-pregnancy BMI and diabetes (exact hazard ratios and confidence intervals not provided).
  • No significant association with preterm birth and delivery mode.
  • 48.8% of the cohort was female, with a diverse racial composition.

Study Design

Type

Cohort (n=303,037)

Structured PICO

Are maternal sociodemographic, prepregnancy, and pregnancy factors associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults?

P
Population
303,037 individuals born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) in 2003-2011, 48.8% female, racially diverse.
I
Intervention
Maternal sociodemographic, prepregnancy, and pregnancy factors (education, age, parity, Medicaid status, pre-pregnancy BMI and diabetes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, delivery mode)
O
Outcome
Early-onset T2D (ages 10-21)hard clinical

Maternal factors, particularly pre-pregnancy BMI and diabetes, are strongly associated with the development of early-onset type 2 diabetes in offspring, highlighting targets for early-life intervention.

Cite This Study

Daredia et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Type 2 Diabetes (n=303,037). Maternal sociodemographic, pre-pregnancy, and pregnancy factors was evaluated on Early-onset type 2 diabetes. Maternal sociodemographic, pre-pregnancy, and pregnancy factors, particularly pre-pregnancy BMI and diabetes, were significantly associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes (453 cases).

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2bd14e6550ea4541ffe9f7https://doi.org/10.2337/db26-2095-p
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 12092-P: Early Prevalence Shift from Type 1 towards Type 2 Diabetes across Adolescence and Young Adulthood with Marked Racial and Ethnic Differences: The PAPAYA Study2026
  2. 21622-P: Associations between Mental Health and Type 2 Diabetes among Adolescents and Young Adults: The PAPAYA Study2026
  3. 32086-P: Marked Heterogeneity in Type 2 Diabetes among Disaggregated Asian American and Pacific Islander Adolescents and Young Adults: Predictors of Adverse Cardiometabolic Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults (PAPAYA) Study2026
  4. 41224-P: Diabetes in Teenage Pregnancy—Prevalence and Outcomes within a Population-Based Cohort2024
  5. 51245-P: GDM Patients and Prognostic Factors for Subsequent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—An Electronic Cohort Review2024