Cervical Cancer in the Current Age: Quo Vadis?

The recognition of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the main cause for cervical cancer transformed prevention and management, leading to widespread HPV vaccination and a change from Pap smear to HPV-based screening. Therapeutic progress includes advances in image-guided radiotherapy, concurrent chemoradiation, and the integration of targeted biologic agents such as anti-angiogenics and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Emerging technologies, including digital pathology, artificial intelligence–assisted diagnostics, and immunohistochemistry-based profiling, are improving accuracy and enabling personalized treatment. New immunotherapeutic approaches, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, offer new options for advanced or recurrent disease. Despite these advances, global disparities persist in access to vaccination, early detection, and comprehensive care. Achieving the World Health Organization’s elimination targets will require coordinated efforts to expand preventive strategies and ensure timely, equitable treatment.