Factors influencing ICT adoption among crop farmers: a scoping review and a context-sensitive conceptual framework

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) actively support facts and knowledge that are essential for farmers to increase the productivity of their crops. Nevertheless, the adoption of these technologies remains low. The present study aims to map the most frequently encountered factors and present the ICT examined on a geographical basis. A structured search and screening process guided by the Population–Concept–Context (PCC) framework led to the identification of 17 studies examining various types of ICT. The determining factors were recorded and mapped into seven categories (A to G). Then, a context-sensitive conceptual framework for selecting ICT adoption factors is proposed, with dominant factors being wealth/assets-income, farm size, education, age, cost, attitude, subjective norm, ICT knowledge, and cooperative role. The A-G conceptual framework serves as a context-sensitive guide for identifying which categories of factors may require greater analytical attention depending on infrastructural readiness, technology type, and agricultural setting.