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This research aims to analyze how varying clay stiffness affects ground movements due to tunneling.

June 19, 2026SOILS AND FOUNDATIONSOpen Access

Probabilistic analysis of tunneling-induced ground movements in undrained clay: empirical methods revisited

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Probabilistic analysis shows increased ground movements from tunneling in clay, indicating infrastructure risks.

This research aims to analyze how varying clay stiffness affects ground movements due to tunneling.
Conducted finite element analysis using a probabilistic framework.
Applied random field theory in Monte-Carlo simulations.
Evaluated existing empirical predictive methods against new case history data.
Spatial variation in clay stiffness significantly increased ground movements, especially for shallow tunnels.
Provided system failure probability related to maximum ground movements exceeding allowable values.
Updated parameters for predicting ground movement distributions using empirical methods.

Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.

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